Chapter 13 Offense Segment

This dataset provides information about the offense that occurred, with each incident potentially having multiple offenses. Each row is an incident-offense so incidents with multiple offenses would have multiple rows. For a subset of offenses it also provides a more detailed subcategory of offense, allowing a deeper dive into what exactly happened. For example, for animal abuse there are four subcategories of offenses: simple/gross neglect of an animal, intentional abuse or torture, animal sexual abuse (bestiality), and organized fighting of animals such as dog or cock fights.

There is also information for what date the crime occurred on, where the crime occurred - in categories such as residence or sidewalk rather than an address - whether the offender is suspected of using drugs, alcohol, or “computer equipment” (which includes cell phones) during the crime, and which weapon was involved. In cases where the weapon was a firearm it says whether that weapon was fully automatic or not. It also provides information on if the crime was a hate crime by including a variable on the bias motivation (if any) of the offender. This is based on evidence that the crime was motivated, at least in part, by the victim’s group (e.g. race, sexuality, religion, etc.). There are 34 possible bias motivations and while hate crimes could potentially be motivated by bias against multiple groups, this data only allows for a single bias motivation.

As you look through this data yourself you may be surprised that some common crimes, such as DUIs and disorderly conduct, are missing. That is because some crimes, which the FBI calls “Group B” crimes, are reported only when an arrest is made and only as part of the “Group B Arrest Report” segment. Therefore, none of these offenses will be reported in the Offense Segment. We’ll discuss these Group B offenses when we discuss arrestees in Chapter 16.

13.1 Crime category

The most important variable in the Offense Segment is figuring out exactly what offense was committed. This tells you what crimes occurred in the incident. There can be multiple crimes in a single incident so this provides information about each offense that happened. To figure out which offenses belong together, just look at the incident number, year, and the ORI. Within ORI and year, each incident number is a unique identifier for an incident. Be careful that you’re using all three of these variables as the incident number may be the same in different agencies, or in the same agency in different years, but these refer to different incidents.

Each crime is mutually exclusive and crimes which are elements of another crime are not double-counted. For example, robberies are basically theft plus assault/intimidation - it is the use of force (assault) or the threat of force (intimidation) to take property (theft). A case of robbery in this data would only count as robbery, not as robbery and theft and assault/intimidation. If there are these crimes together in an incident that is because that crime also occurred separately. For example, if someone is robbed and after the robbery is over (i.e. they hand over their belongings) they are then punched repeatedly, that could potentially be classified as a robbery and an assault.

Table 13.1 shows each possible crime in the data and how common it was in 2022. It is sorted by frequency instead of alphabetically so it is easier to see which crimes are most common. There were about 13 million crimes reported to NIBRS in 2022. The most common crime is simple assault - which is an assault that did not use a weapon and did not result in serious injury - at 14% of crimes, or about 1.7 million crimes. If you think this is odd because property crimes are more common than violent crimes, you would be right. NIBRS data is pretty specific in its crime categories so it splits up certain crimes into a number of different categories. Theft is the most common crime committed in the United States. In NIBRS it is broken into several different types of theft so you need to combine them together to actually measure theft in its entirety. Of the top 6 most common crimes, theft crimes make up ranks 3, 5, and 6 (all other larceny, theft from motor vehicle, and shoplifting), and there are other theft offenses that are less common such as “theft from building” and “theft of motor vehicle parts/accessories.”

This table also shows the first year that offense is included in the data. Most offenses have been included since NIBRS started in 1991, but these have been new offenses added, with these additions becoming more common recently. For example, the crime “Failure to register as a sex offender” was added in 2021 as was “Illegal entry into the United States.” There are even offenses that were not reported at all in 2022, such as “treason,” which is an offense that only federal and tribal agencies are allowed to report.

Table 13.1: The number and percent of crimes reported from all agencies in 2022, by crime category.

Crime Category	First Year	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1991	1,935,317	13.83%
Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1991	1,655,619	11.83%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1991	1,421,624	10.16%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	1991	1,059,452	7.57%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	1991	966,955	6.91%
Motor Vehicle Theft	1991	892,984	6.38%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	1991	858,529	6.13%
Burglary/Breaking And Entering	1991	683,034	4.88%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	1991	623,972	4.46%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	1991	605,159	4.32%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	1991	486,578	3.48%
Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	1991	368,675	2.63%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	1991	355,241	2.54%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	1991	309,847	2.21%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts/Accessories	1991	265,516	1.90%
Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	2015	206,577	1.48%
Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	1991	192,734	1.38%
Robbery	1991	179,206	1.28%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	1991	154,026	1.10%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	1991	136,314	0.97%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	1991	86,034	0.61%
Fraud Offenses - Impersonation	1991	85,093	0.61%
Sex Offenses - Rape	1991	78,612	0.56%
Pornography/Obscene Material	1991	45,412	0.32%
Kidnapping/Abduction	1991	44,695	0.32%
Fraud Offenses - Wire Fraud	1991	43,899	0.31%
Embezzlement	1991	35,162	0.25%
Arson	1991	32,325	0.23%
Extortion/Blackmail	1991	27,034	0.19%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Pocket-Picking	1991	26,529	0.19%
Animal Cruelty	2015	22,418	0.16%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	1991	20,410	0.15%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	1991	14,861	0.11%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Purse-Snatching	1991	12,570	0.09%
Prostitution Offenses - Prostitution	1991	9,184	0.07%
Fraud Offenses - Hacking/Computer Invasion	2015	9,148	0.07%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	1991	7,984	0.06%
Sex Offenses - Statutory Rape	1991	7,918	0.06%
Fraud Offenses - Welfare Fraud	1991	6,116	0.04%
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Coin-Operated Machine Or Device	1991	4,993	0.04%
Prostitution Offenses - Assisting Or Promoting Prostitution	1991	3,419	0.02%
Prostitution Offenses - Purchasing Prostitution	2013	3,076	0.02%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	2013	2,089	0.01%
Negligent Manslaughter	1991	1,802	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Incest	1991	1,147	0.01%
Gambling Offenses - Operating/Promoting/Assisting Gambling	1991	1,141	0.01%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	1991	922	0.01%
Bribery	1991	807	0.01%
Gambling Offenses - Betting/Wagering	1991	735	0.01%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	1991	671	0.00%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	2014	495	0.00%
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	2020	110	0.00%
Fugitive Offenses - Flight To Avoid Prosecution	2021	109	0.00%
Sex Offenses - Failure To Register As A Sex Offender	2019	42	0.00%
Gambling Offenses - Sports Tampering	1994	7	0.00%
Immigration Violations - Illegal Entry Into The United States	2020	3	0.00%
Commerce Violations - Wildlife Trafficking	2023	2	0.00%
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	2021	1	0.00%
Commerce Violations - Federal Tobacco Offenses	2021	1	0.00%
Fraud Offenses - Money Laundering	2022	1	0.00%
Total		13,994,336	100%

Though each agency is supposed to report the same crimes - using the exact same definition of the crimes so the data is consistent - that is not always true in practice. For example, animal cruelty was first reported in 2015 (before that it was not an option so agencies could not report it) and likely most agencies in the US have had at least one animal abuse crime since then. In 2015, however, reporting was concentrated in a small number of states, meaning that not all agencies reported that offense. The concentration in certain states suggests that this low reporting is due to agencies in certain states deciding (or not being able to, such as if having older reporting systems which do not have animal cruelty as an option) not to report that offense at all. Reporting has increased as time has gone on, suggesting that over time more agencies begin reporting crimes as they are added. Therefore, I strongly suggest examining your data over time and across geographic areas to see if there are any biases before using it.

13.2 Offense subtype

In addition to the broader crime committed, NIBRS does allow for a “subtype” of crime variable which gives us a bit more information about what crime occurred (the variable is technically called the “type of criminal activity”). This is especially useful for certain crimes where it is not clear exactly what they are referring to from the crime category alone. For example, for drug crimes we generally differentiate possession from sale or manufacturing. NIBRS combines everything into “drug/narcotic violations (crimes for drug materials such as syringes are classified as”drug equipment violations”). So we need to use the subtype variable to figure out what type of drug crime it is. Looking at the subtype we can see if the arrest is for “distributing/selling” “operating/promoting/assisting.” “possessing/concealing,” “transporting/transmitting/importing,” or “using/consuming.” There can be up to three subtypes per offense, so an arrest for a drug crime may be related to both possessing and selling drugs.

There are also some unexpected subtypes related to certain offenses. For example, there are a few dozen drug offenses that also have the subtype of “exploiting children.” This subtype is generally for cases where a child is abused, but happens here for drug offenses that do not have any associated child abuse (or for some of them, does not have any other crime at all) offense. The reason, I believe, for this category is that these offenses occurred in public so could have been viewed by children, and were labeled as exploiting children for that reason. Or, it may simply be a data entry error. If you are studying crimes against children, pulling from this variable would likely overcount crimes so - as always - you should make sure that the data you carefully check your data for odd things like this.⁹¹

This data is only available for the below subset of crimes, and is not always present even for these crimes. In Table 13.2 we show the breakdown of subtypes for each of these offenses, based on the first subtype reported.

• Animal Cruelty
• Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault
• Assault Offenses - Intimidation
• Assault Offenses - Simple Assault
• Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses
• Counterfeiting/Forgery
• Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations
• Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations
• Fugitive Offenses - Harboring Escapee/Concealing From Arrest
• Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations
• Kidnapping/Abduction
• Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter
• Negligent Manslaughter
• Pornography/Obscene Material
• Robbery
• Sex Offenses - Fondling (Incident Liberties/Child Molest)
• Sex Offenses - Rape
• Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object
• Sex Offenses - Sodomy
• Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)
• Weapon Law Violations - Explosives
• Weapon Law Violations - Violation of National Firearm Act of 1934
• Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations

Table 13.2: The number and percent of crime subtypes by offense, 2023. This breakdown is only available for a subset of offenses. There can be up to three subtypes per offense; in this table we only use the first subtype.

Crime	Crime Subcategory	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
Animal Cruelty	Simple/Gross Neglect (Unintentionally, Intentionally, Or Knowingly Failing To Provide Food, Water, Shelter, Veterinary Care, Hoarding, Etc.)	14,316	63.86%
Animal Cruelty	Intentional Abuse And Torture (Tormenting, Mutilating, Poisoning, Or Abandonment)	7,470	33.32%
Animal Cruelty	Animal Sexual Abuse (Bestiality)	368	1.64%
Animal Cruelty	Organized Abuse (Dog Fighting And Cock Fighting)	264	1.18%
Animal Cruelty	Total	22,418	100%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	335,384	55.42%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	None	264,605	43.72%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Other Gang	3,843	0.64%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Juvenile Gang Involvement	1,327	0.22%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Total	605,159	100%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	397,389	63.69%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	None	223,830	35.87%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	Other Gang	2,002	0.32%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	Juvenile Gang Involvement	751	0.12%
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	Total	623,972	100%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	1,076,203	55.61%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	None	853,121	44.08%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Other Gang	3,950	0.20%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Juvenile Gang Involvement	2,043	0.11%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Total	1,935,317	100%
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	Using/Consuming	97	88.18%
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	Possessing/Concealing	11	10.00%
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	Distributing/Selling	2	1.82%
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	Total	110	100%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Possessing/Concealing	57,858	37.56%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Using/Consuming	31,008	20.13%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	27,638	17.94%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Buying/Receiving	24,471	15.89%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Distributing/Selling	6,914	4.49%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	3,860	2.51%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	2,212	1.44%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Exploiting Children	65	0.04%
Counterfeiting/Forgery	Total	154,026	100%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Possessing/Concealing	429,627	88.30%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Using/Consuming	40,911	8.41%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Distributing/Selling	7,951	1.63%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Buying/Receiving	4,616	0.95%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	1,356	0.28%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	1,111	0.23%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	983	0.20%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Exploiting Children	23	0.00%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	Total	486,578	100%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Possessing/Concealing	838,769	79.17%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Distributing/Selling	96,581	9.12%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Using/Consuming	90,430	8.54%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Buying/Receiving	19,444	1.84%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	6,409	0.60%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	5,260	0.50%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	2,449	0.23%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Exploiting Children	110	0.01%
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	Total	1,059,452	100%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	425	46.10%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Possessing/Concealing	419	45.44%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Using/Consuming	32	3.47%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Buying/Receiving	28	3.04%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Distributing/Selling	9	0.98%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	8	0.87%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	1	0.11%
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	Total	922	100%
Kidnapping/Abduction	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	24,074	53.86%
Kidnapping/Abduction	None	20,397	45.64%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Other Gang	187	0.42%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Juvenile Gang Involvement	37	0.08%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Total	44,695	100%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	8,129	54.70%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	None	6,420	43.20%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Other Gang	246	1.66%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Juvenile Gang Involvement	66	0.44%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Total	14,861	100%
Negligent Manslaughter	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	967	53.66%
Negligent Manslaughter	None	827	45.89%
Negligent Manslaughter	Other Gang	6	0.33%
Negligent Manslaughter	Juvenile Gang Involvement	2	0.11%
Negligent Manslaughter	Total	1,802	100%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Exploiting Children	14,059	30.96%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Possessing/Concealing	12,448	27.41%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Distributing/Selling	10,479	23.08%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	3,564	7.85%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	1,864	4.10%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	1,145	2.52%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Buying/Receiving	1,029	2.27%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Using/Consuming	824	1.81%
Pornography/Obscene Material	Total	45,412	100%
Robbery	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	109,362	61.03%
Robbery	None	68,107	38.00%
Robbery	Other Gang	1,093	0.61%
Robbery	Juvenile Gang Involvement	644	0.36%
Robbery	Total	179,206	100%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	44,827	52.10%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	None	41,010	47.67%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Other Gang	102	0.12%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Juvenile Gang Involvement	95	0.11%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Total	86,034	100%
Sex Offenses - Rape	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	41,327	52.57%
Sex Offenses - Rape	None	37,050	47.13%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Other Gang	176	0.22%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Juvenile Gang Involvement	59	0.08%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Total	78,612	100%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	None	4,261	53.37%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	3,708	46.44%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Juvenile Gang Involvement	9	0.11%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Other Gang	6	0.08%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Total	7,984	100%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	None/Unknown Gang Involvement (Mutually Exclusive)	11,074	54.26%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	None	9,285	45.49%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Other Gang	30	0.15%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Juvenile Gang Involvement	21	0.10%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Total	20,410	100%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Possessing/Concealing	107,218	78.66%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Buying/Receiving	14,483	10.62%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	5,759	4.22%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Using/Consuming	4,478	3.29%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	2,313	1.70%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Distributing/Selling	1,930	1.42%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	124	0.09%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Exploiting Children	9	0.01%
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	Total	136,314	100%
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	Possessing/Concealing	1	100.00%
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	Total	1	100%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Possessing/Concealing	291,967	82.19%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Using/Consuming	40,616	11.43%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Operating/Promoting/Assisting	11,727	3.30%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Buying/Receiving	4,204	1.18%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Distributing/Selling	3,092	0.87%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Transporting/Transmitting/Importing	2,672	0.75%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Cultivating/Manufacturing/Publishing (I.e., Production of Any Type)	893	0.25%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Exploiting Children	70	0.02%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Total	355,241	100%

13.3 Offense completed

For each offense, this segment also tells you if the offense was completed or only attempted. Nearly all offenses reported in NIBRS are completed offenses. This is likely in part due to completed crimes being easier to detect than attempted crimes. For example, if someone breaks into your house you will likely discover that and alert the police. If someone tries to break in but fails (even something such as trying your front door to see if it is locked and then leaving because it could be considered attempted burglary) there is much less evidence so it probably does not come to the police’s attention as much.

Some offenses, such as simple and aggravated assault or homicide, are only labeled as completed. This is because an attempted murder, for example, would be classified as aggravated assault. Since crimes in NIBRS are mutually exclusive, there cannot be both attempted murder and aggravated assault, so only aggravated assault is included. This does limit the data as it is important to know when an aggravated assault is done with the intent to kill the victim and when it is just to seriously harm the victim (though measuring this would likely be extremely imprecise since it requires knowing the motives of the offender).

Table 13.3 shows the percent of each crime category in 2022 NIBRS data that was completed or was only attempted.

Table 13.3: The percent of crimes completed or attempted, by crime category.

Crime Category	% Completed	% Attempted
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	99.81 %	0.19 %
Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	99.62 %	0.38 %
Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	99.37 %	0.63 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	99.31 %	0.69 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Pocket-Picking	98.94 %	1.06 %
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	98.93 %	1.07 %
Embezzlement	98.77 %	1.23 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	98.77 %	1.23 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	98.77 %	1.23 %
Stolen Property Offenses (Receiving, Selling, Etc.)	98.69 %	1.31 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts/Accessories	98.14 %	1.86 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Purse-Snatching	97.82 %	2.18 %
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	97.63 %	2.37 %
Animal Cruelty	97.4 %	2.6 %
Pornography/Obscene Material	97.32 %	2.68 %
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	97.23 %	2.77 %
Sex Offenses - Incest	97.04 %	2.96 %
Sex Offenses - Statutory Rape	96.98 %	3.02 %
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	96.56 %	3.44 %
Sex Offenses - Rape	96.48 %	3.52 %
Prostitution Offenses - Assisting Or Promoting Prostitution	95.76 %	4.24 %
Counterfeiting/Forgery	95.73 %	4.27 %
Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	95.25 %	4.75 %
Kidnapping/Abduction	95.01 %	4.99 %
Arson	94.85 %	5.15 %
Prostitution Offenses - Prostitution	94.29 %	5.71 %
Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	93.64 %	6.36 %
Burglary/Breaking And Entering	93.39 %	6.61 %
Gambling Offenses - Gambling Equipment Violations	93.38 %	6.62 %
Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	92.33 %	7.67 %
Fraud Offenses - Wire Fraud	92.26 %	7.74 %
Fraud Offenses - Impersonation	92.04 %	7.96 %
Fraud Offenses - Welfare Fraud	91.63 %	8.37 %
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	91.52 %	8.48 %
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	91.38 %	8.62 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	91.27 %	8.73 %
Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Coin-Operated Machine Or Device	91.15 %	8.85 %
Prostitution Offenses - Purchasing Prostitution	90.6 %	9.4 %
Robbery	90.2 %	9.8 %
Fraud Offenses - Hacking/Computer Invasion	89.43 %	10.57 %
Gambling Offenses - Operating/Promoting/Assisting Gambling	88.17 %	11.83 %
Motor Vehicle Theft	88.07 %	11.93 %
Gambling Offenses - Betting/Wagering	86.67 %	13.33 %
Commerce Violations - Federal Liquor Offenses	86.36 %	13.64 %
Bribery	80.67 %	19.33 %
Fugitive Offenses - Flight To Avoid Prosecution	71.56 %	28.44 %
Extortion/Blackmail	61.84 %	38.16 %
Gambling Offenses - Sports Tampering	57.14 %	42.86 %
Commerce Violations - Wildlife Trafficking	50 %	50 %
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	100 %	0 %
Assault Offenses - Intimidation	100 %	0 %
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	100 %	0 %
Commerce Violations - Federal Tobacco Offenses	100 %	0 %
Immigration Violations - Illegal Entry Into The United States	100 %	0 %
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	100 %	0 %
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	100 %	0 %
Negligent Manslaughter	100 %	0 %
Sex Offenses - Failure To Register As A Sex Offender	100 %	0 %
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	100 %	0 %

In Figure 13.1 we see the share of all offenses per year that are reported as completed. In every year we have data nearly all offenses were reported as being completed.

Figure 13.1: The annual percent of offenses reported as completed, 1991-2023.

13.4 Drug, alcohol, or computer use

Intoxication, mainly by alcohol, is known to be a major correlate (and cause) of crime. Drunk people commit a lot of crime (even though most drunk people never commit crime). Drunk people are also better targets for crime so are chosen by certain offenders who want an easy victim. NIBRS tries to capture this by telling us if the offender is suspected of using drugs (just “drugs” as we do not know which drug was involved, though we could look in the Property Segment to see what drug [if any] was seized by the police), alcohol, or “computer equipment” which also includes cell phones. Computer equipment is more relevant for certain crimes such as fraud or pornography/obscene materials.

For each offense there are three variables about usage of any of these so potentially the offender could have used all three. The data does not get any more specific than if the offender is suspected of using these items. So we do not know how intoxicated they are or what they used the computer equipment for. Just that they are suspected of using it. And suspected is key. We do not know for sure if they used it. If, for example, a victim says that their mugger was drunk, NIBRS will say they are suspected of using alcohol, even though there is no definitive proof such as a blood test or breathalyzer. Unlike some past variables like offense subtype where it applies to only a subset of crimes, this variable is available for every crime.

Figure 13.2 shows the distribution is suspected usage for all offenses in 2019 NIBRS. This is just from the first suspected use variable for simplicity of the graph. The most common outcome is “Not Applicable” at 89% of offenses. Not Applicable actually just means that the offender was not suspected of using drugs, alcohol, or computer equipment.

Figure 13.2: The distribution of drug, alcohol, or computer use for all offenses in 2022

Figure 13.3 shows the distribution of suspected use when excluding “Not Applicable.” Drug usage is the most common thing offenders are suspected of using. In about 61% of offenses where the offender is suspected of using something (of the drugs, alcohol, or “computer equipment” choices), that something is drugs. Again, we do not know what type of drug was used, only that it was not alcohol. Alcohol follows at 30% while computer equipment is only 6%.

Figure 13.3: The distribution of drug, alcohol, or computer use for offenses where there was usage of one of these items. For easier viewing of how this variable is distributed, this figure excludes all offenses where there was no drug, alcohol, or computer use or the variable was NA.

13.5 Crime location

This dataset tells us where each crime happened, giving more of a type of location rather than the precise location (e.g. coordinates) where it happened. Table 13.4 shows the different location types where each offense could occur, sorted by most common to least common location, and includes the first year that location was reported. Most locations were part of the data since 1991 but there have been some changes, such as adding “Cyberspace” in 2009, and splitting “school/college” to “school - college/university” and “school - elementary/secondary” in 2009.

The most common place for a crime to occur is in someone’s own home, at 38% of offenses. This makes a bit of sense as people spend a lot of time at home and certain crimes, such as burglary and domestic violence, commonly occur in the victim’s home. Crimes happening on a road or alley make up the second most common location at 17% and parking lot or garage follows at 10%. The remaining locations only make up 5% or fewer of offense locations. A careful reader may realize a mistake in this table.

Incidents can involve multiple offenses but would likely - though not always - occur in the same location. So if certain locations are more likely to have multiple offenses in that incident then we could be counting those locations more often. That may be okay, if what you’re really interested in is data at the offense-level rather than the more commonly used incident-level. But it is important to be careful in making sure you are measuring the data right and presenting results clearly.

Table 13.4: The location of crimes for all offenses reported in 2022.

Crime Location	First Year	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
Residence/Home	1991	5,183,989	37.04%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	1991	2,485,451	17.76%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	1991	1,278,600	9.14%
Other/Unknown	1991	699,834	5.00%
Department/Discount Store	1991	591,328	4.23%
Grocery/Supermarket	1991	322,997	2.31%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	1991	320,153	2.29%
Convenience Store	1991	305,186	2.18%
Commercial/Office Building	1991	297,968	2.13%
School - Elementary/Secondary	2009	255,924	1.83%
Restaurant	1991	223,297	1.60%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	1991	218,343	1.56%
Service/Gas Station	1991	191,290	1.37%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	1991	172,748	1.23%
Cyberspace	2015	151,576	1.08%
Bank/Savings And Loan	1991	128,019	0.91%
Park/Playground	2010	126,604	0.90%
Government/Public Building	1991	95,696	0.68%
Bar/Nightclub	1991	93,809	0.67%
Rental Storage Facility	1991	82,604	0.59%
Shopping Mall	2009	82,576	0.59%
School - College/University	2009	76,897	0.55%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	1991	73,706	0.53%
Construction Site	1991	70,901	0.51%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	1991	70,663	0.50%
Field/Woods	1991	55,871	0.40%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	1991	41,987	0.30%
Auto Dealership New/Used	2009	40,016	0.29%
Liquor Store	1991	36,738	0.26%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	2009	32,447	0.23%
School/College	1991	28,906	0.21%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	2010	23,112	0.17%
Industrial Site	2009	22,293	0.16%
Community Center	2012	16,542	0.12%
Camp/Campground	2009	12,038	0.09%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	2009	10,773	0.08%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	1991	10,345	0.07%
Atm Separate From Bank	2009	10,337	0.07%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	2010	10,048	0.07%
Farm Facility	2009	9,731	0.07%
Amusement Park	2010	8,171	0.06%
Daycare Facility	2009	7,806	0.06%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	2009	7,189	0.05%
Tribal Lands	2011	5,193	0.04%
Rest Area	2009	3,773	0.03%
Military Installation	2010	861	0.01%
Total		13,994,336	100%

Keep in mind that some locations may be an overly specific location that fits well into a broader category that you are interested in. For example, if you care about crimes that happen in stores you would look at “Bank/Savings and Loan”, “Restaurant”, “Bar/Nightclub,” among other locations, which combined have a lot more offenses than any one individually. This is a recurring theme of NIBRS data - you have a lot of data and some of it is so specific that you need to do extra work to aggregate data into units you want.

Table 13.4: The most common offenses for each crime location, 2023.

Crime Location	Offense	# of Offenses	# of Offenses
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	2,515	25.03%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	2,088	20.78%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	888	8.84%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	775	7.71%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	673	6.70%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	All Other	3,109	30.97%
Abandoned/Condemned Structure	Total	10,048	100%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	13,978	19.78%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	10,822	15.31%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	7,294	10.32%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	6,794	9.61%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	5,343	7.56%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	All Other	26,432	37.39%
Air/Bus/Train Terminal	Total	70,663	100%
Amusement Park	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1,717	21.01%
Amusement Park	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1,596	19.53%
Amusement Park	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	644	7.88%
Amusement Park	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	535	6.55%
Amusement Park	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	518	6.34%
Amusement Park	All Other	3,161	38.7%
Amusement Park	Total	8,171	100%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2,780	25.81%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1,964	18.23%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1,049	9.74%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	624	5.79%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	539	5.00%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	All Other	3,817	35.42%
Arena/Stadium/Fairgrounds/Coliseum	Total	10,773	100%
Atm Separate From Bank	Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	3,239	31.33%
Atm Separate From Bank	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1,717	16.61%
Atm Separate From Bank	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	1,452	14.05%
Atm Separate From Bank	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	707	6.84%
Atm Separate From Bank	Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	653	6.32%
Atm Separate From Bank	All Other	2,569	24.88%
Atm Separate From Bank	Total	10,337	100%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Motor Vehicle Theft	11,146	27.85%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	4,947	12.36%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft of Motor Vehicle Parts/Accessories	3,745	9.36%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	3,474	8.68%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3,323	8.30%
Auto Dealership New/Used	All Other	13,381	33.36%
Auto Dealership New/Used	Total	40,016	100%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Counterfeiting/Forgery	32,504	25.39%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	26,367	20.60%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	16,303	12.74%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	14,902	11.64%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	10,228	7.99%
Bank/Savings And Loan	All Other	27,713	21.63%
Bank/Savings And Loan	Total	128,017	100%
Bar/Nightclub	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	29,599	31.55%
Bar/Nightclub	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	11,411	12.16%
Bar/Nightclub	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	8,895	9.48%
Bar/Nightclub	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	8,116	8.65%
Bar/Nightclub	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	4,592	4.90%
Bar/Nightclub	All Other	31,194	33.24%
Bar/Nightclub	Total	93,807	100%
Camp/Campground	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2,354	19.55%
Camp/Campground	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2,183	18.13%
Camp/Campground	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1,633	13.57%
Camp/Campground	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	823	6.84%
Camp/Campground	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	733	6.09%
Camp/Campground	All Other	4,312	35.84%
Camp/Campground	Total	12,038	100%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	12,249	29.17%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	6,579	15.67%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	5,513	13.13%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2,692	6.41%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	2,220	5.29%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	All Other	12,732	30.27%
Church/Synagogue/Temple/Mosque	Total	41,985	100%
Commercial/Office Building	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	52,381	17.58%
Commercial/Office Building	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	47,767	16.03%
Commercial/Office Building	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	42,551	14.28%
Commercial/Office Building	Motor Vehicle Theft	16,307	5.47%
Commercial/Office Building	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	16,277	5.46%
Commercial/Office Building	All Other	122,678	41.17%
Commercial/Office Building	Total	297,961	100%
Community Center	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3,245	19.62%
Community Center	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	2,882	17.42%
Community Center	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2,468	14.92%
Community Center	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	1,855	11.21%
Community Center	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	1,135	6.86%
Community Center	All Other	4,957	29.97%
Community Center	Total	16,542	100%
Construction Site	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	29,510	41.62%
Construction Site	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	12,990	18.32%
Construction Site	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	10,942	15.43%
Construction Site	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	3,756	5.30%
Construction Site	Motor Vehicle Theft	2,606	3.68%
Construction Site	All Other	11,097	15.65%
Construction Site	Total	70,901	100%
Convenience Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	104,229	34.15%
Convenience Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	35,883	11.76%
Convenience Store	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	20,831	6.83%
Convenience Store	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	17,963	5.89%
Convenience Store	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	16,685	5.47%
Convenience Store	All Other	109,593	35.89%
Convenience Store	Total	305,184	100%
Cyberspace	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	36,262	23.92%
Cyberspace	Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	31,022	20.47%
Cyberspace	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	20,660	13.63%
Cyberspace	Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	16,030	10.58%
Cyberspace	Fraud Offenses - Wire Fraud	14,962	9.87%
Cyberspace	All Other	32,640	21.56%
Cyberspace	Total	151,576	100%
Daycare Facility	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2,274	29.13%
Daycare Facility	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1,036	13.27%
Daycare Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	643	8.24%
Daycare Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	639	8.19%
Daycare Facility	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	625	8.01%
Daycare Facility	All Other	2,589	33.16%
Daycare Facility	Total	7,806	100%
Department/Discount Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	363,609	61.49%
Department/Discount Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	57,555	9.73%
Department/Discount Store	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	20,310	3.43%
Department/Discount Store	Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	17,512	2.96%
Department/Discount Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	14,336	2.42%
Department/Discount Store	All Other	118,006	19.93%
Department/Discount Store	Total	591,328	100%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1,733	24.11%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	1,436	19.97%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	688	9.57%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	682	9.49%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	407	5.66%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	All Other	2,243	31.2%
Dock/Wharf/Freight/Modal Terminal	Total	7,189	100%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	41,385	23.96%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	38,541	22.31%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	14,910	8.63%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	11,582	6.70%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	9,249	5.35%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	All Other	57,079	33.04%
Drug Store/Doctors Office/Hospital	Total	172,746	100%
Farm Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2,695	27.69%
Farm Facility	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	1,749	17.97%
Farm Facility	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1,645	16.90%
Farm Facility	Motor Vehicle Theft	983	10.10%
Farm Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	466	4.79%
Farm Facility	All Other	2,193	22.52%
Farm Facility	Total	9,731	100%
Field/Woods	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	12,087	21.63%
Field/Woods	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	9,031	16.16%
Field/Woods	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	5,293	9.47%
Field/Woods	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	5,032	9.01%
Field/Woods	Motor Vehicle Theft	3,257	5.83%
Field/Woods	All Other	21,170	37.91%
Field/Woods	Total	55,870	100%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	6,001	18.49%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	4,170	12.85%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	3,713	11.44%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	2,858	8.81%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Counterfeiting/Forgery	1,961	6.04%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	All Other	13,744	42.36%
Gambling Facility/Casino/Race Track	Total	32,447	100%
Government/Public Building	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	14,995	15.67%
Government/Public Building	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	12,550	13.11%
Government/Public Building	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	11,560	12.08%
Government/Public Building	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	9,040	9.45%
Government/Public Building	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	7,485	7.82%
Government/Public Building	All Other	40,064	41.86%
Government/Public Building	Total	95,694	100%
Grocery/Supermarket	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	168,193	52.07%
Grocery/Supermarket	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	42,608	13.19%
Grocery/Supermarket	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	12,831	3.97%
Grocery/Supermarket	Fraud Offenses - Credit Card/Atm Fraud	10,724	3.32%
Grocery/Supermarket	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	9,126	2.83%
Grocery/Supermarket	All Other	79,509	24.62%
Grocery/Supermarket	Total	322,991	100%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	562,590	22.64%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	283,207	11.39%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug Equipment Violations	264,734	10.65%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Motor Vehicle Theft	255,631	10.29%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	206,086	8.29%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	All Other	913,163	36.78%
Highway/Road/Alley/Street/Sidewalk	Total	2,485,411	100%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	38,480	17.62%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	22,401	10.26%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	21,998	10.08%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	20,281	9.29%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	19,255	8.82%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	All Other	95,927	43.97%
Hotel/Motel/Etc.	Total	218,342	100%
Industrial Site	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	5,921	26.56%
Industrial Site	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	3,870	17.36%
Industrial Site	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	3,173	14.23%
Industrial Site	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1,399	6.28%
Industrial Site	Motor Vehicle Theft	1,277	5.73%
Industrial Site	All Other	6,652	29.79%
Industrial Site	Total	22,292	100%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	29,336	39.80%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	18,588	25.22%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	6,797	9.22%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	6,036	8.19%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	2,886	3.92%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	All Other	10,063	13.68%
Jail/Prison/Penitentiary/Corrections Facility	Total	73,706	100%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2,870	27.74%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1,335	12.90%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	1,235	11.94%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	956	9.24%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	699	6.76%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	All Other	3,250	31.39%
Lake/Waterway/Beach	Total	10,345	100%
Liquor Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	19,689	53.60%
Liquor Store	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	2,453	6.68%
Liquor Store	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2,420	6.59%
Liquor Store	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	2,221	6.05%
Liquor Store	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1,554	4.23%
Liquor Store	All Other	8,399	22.82%
Liquor Store	Total	36,736	100%
Military Installation	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	186	21.60%
Military Installation	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	95	11.03%
Military Installation	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	80	9.29%
Military Installation	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	76	8.83%
Military Installation	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	45	5.23%
Military Installation	All Other	379	44.04%
Military Installation	Total	861	100%
Other/Unknown	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	115,019	16.44%
Other/Unknown	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	73,195	10.46%
Other/Unknown	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	56,187	8.03%
Other/Unknown	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	45,609	6.52%
Other/Unknown	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	36,283	5.18%
Other/Unknown	All Other	373,527	53.37%
Other/Unknown	Total	699,820	100%
Park/Playground	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	27,650	21.84%
Park/Playground	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	19,055	15.05%
Park/Playground	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	13,991	11.05%
Park/Playground	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	13,094	10.34%
Park/Playground	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	10,678	8.43%
Park/Playground	All Other	42,136	33.28%
Park/Playground	Total	126,604	100%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	273,500	21.39%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	247,701	19.37%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Motor Vehicle Theft	213,331	16.69%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	86,283	6.75%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	83,482	6.53%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	All Other	374,266	29.23%
Parking Lot/Drop Lot/Parking Garage	Total	1,278,563	100%
Rental Storage Facility	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	38,005	46.01%
Rental Storage Facility	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	11,438	13.85%
Rental Storage Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	9,848	11.92%
Rental Storage Facility	Motor Vehicle Theft	4,787	5.80%
Rental Storage Facility	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	4,275	5.18%
Rental Storage Facility	All Other	14,250	17.26%
Rental Storage Facility	Total	82,603	100%
Residence/Home	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	1,149,864	22.18%
Residence/Home	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	680,051	13.12%
Residence/Home	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	579,384	11.18%
Residence/Home	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	383,775	7.40%
Residence/Home	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	346,951	6.69%
Residence/Home	All Other	2,043,859	39.43%
Residence/Home	Total	5,183,884	100%
Rest Area	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	643	17.04%
Rest Area	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	541	14.34%
Rest Area	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	530	14.05%
Rest Area	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	357	9.46%
Rest Area	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	277	7.34%
Rest Area	All Other	1,425	37.78%
Rest Area	Total	3,773	100%
Restaurant	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	33,432	14.97%
Restaurant	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	31,827	14.25%
Restaurant	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	27,812	12.46%
Restaurant	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	23,384	10.47%
Restaurant	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	13,008	5.83%
Restaurant	All Other	93,831	42.01%
Restaurant	Total	223,294	100%
School - College/University	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	16,802	21.85%
School - College/University	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	13,211	17.18%
School - College/University	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	8,648	11.25%
School - College/University	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	6,806	8.85%
School - College/University	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	5,410	7.04%
School - College/University	All Other	26,020	33.8%
School - College/University	Total	76,897	100%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	84,826	33.15%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	44,891	17.54%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	28,122	10.99%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	18,045	7.05%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	16,527	6.46%
School - Elementary/Secondary	All Other	63,509	24.83%
School - Elementary/Secondary	Total	255,920	100%
School/College	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	7,881	27.26%
School/College	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	4,103	14.19%
School/College	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3,256	11.26%
School/College	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	2,799	9.68%
School/College	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	2,689	9.30%
School/College	All Other	8,178	28.27%
School/College	Total	28,906	100%
Service/Gas Station	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	31,892	16.67%
Service/Gas Station	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	27,148	14.19%
Service/Gas Station	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	15,847	8.28%
Service/Gas Station	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	15,585	8.15%
Service/Gas Station	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	13,950	7.29%
Service/Gas Station	All Other	86,861	45.38%
Service/Gas Station	Total	191,283	100%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	6,861	29.69%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	3,874	16.76%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2,884	12.48%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	1,865	8.07%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Building	1,707	7.39%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	All Other	5,921	25.61%
Shelter - Mission/Homeless	Total	23,112	100%
Shopping Mall	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	34,875	42.24%
Shopping Mall	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	9,019	10.92%
Shopping Mall	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	4,750	5.75%
Shopping Mall	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	4,523	5.48%
Shopping Mall	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	2,964	3.59%
Shopping Mall	All Other	26,442	32.03%
Shopping Mall	Total	82,573	100%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	122,489	38.26%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	35,389	11.05%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	24,886	7.77%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	24,731	7.72%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Fraud Offenses - False Pretenses/Swindle/Confidence Game	16,482	5.15%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	All Other	96,174	30.03%
Specialty Store (Tv, Fur, Etc.)	Total	320,151	100%
Tribal Lands	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	658	12.67%
Tribal Lands	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	604	11.63%
Tribal Lands	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	589	11.34%
Tribal Lands	Motor Vehicle Theft	509	9.80%
Tribal Lands	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	390	7.51%
Tribal Lands	All Other	2,443	47.04%
Tribal Lands	Total	5,193	100%

13.6 Weapons

Using a weapon during a crime can greatly increase the severity of the offense, as evidenced by increased sanctions for using a weapon (and particularly a gun) and the enormous amount of attention - by the media, the public, and researchers - on gun crimes. Luckily, this data tells us the weapon used in certain offenses. There can be up to three different weapon types included in an offense. This data does not provide a weapon used for all offenses, just for the ones that they deem to be violent crimes, and thus could involve a weapon. Please note that this is the weapons used in some capacity during the crime, not necessarily to harm the victim.⁹² For example, if a gun is involved in a crime, that gun may have been fired and missed the victim, fired and hit the victim, used to beat the victim, or merely brandished. From this data alone we do not know how it was used.

The list of offenses where there is data on weapon usage is below:

• Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault
• Assault Offenses - Simple Assault
• Extortion/Blackmail
• Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts
• Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude
• Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime
• Kidnapping/Abduction
• Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter
• Negligent Manslaughter
• Robbery
• Sex Offenses - Fondling (Incident Liberties/Child Molest)
• Sex Offenses - Rape
• Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object
• Sex Offenses - Sodomy
• Weapon Law Violations - Explosives
• Weapon Law Violations - Violation of National Firearm Act of 1934
• Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations

Table 13.5 shows the breakdown in the weapons used in 2022 data, by the offense type. This table aggregates data at the offense-level, meaning that an incident with two offenses that both involved a weapon would count that weapon twice. Depending on your use case you may want to aggregate data to the incident-level, such as by top-coding to the most serious weapon per incident.

Table 13.5: The weapon used by an offender, by offense, 2023. The use means that it was part of the crime though may not have been physically discharged. For example, pointing a gun at someone even without firing the gun is still using it.

Crime	Weapon	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	1,517,722	78.42%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	None	220,695	11.40%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Other	145,694	7.53%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Unknown	51,206	2.65%
Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	Total	1,935,317	100%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	124,452	20.57%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Handgun	107,390	17.75%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	104,074	17.20%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	61,632	10.18%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	60,172	9.94%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Other	59,352	9.81%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	28,034	4.63%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	None	17,828	2.95%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	13,348	2.21%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Unknown	12,175	2.01%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Rifle	5,933	0.98%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Other Firearm	4,794	0.79%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Shotgun	3,082	0.51%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Fire/Incendiary Device	1,004	0.17%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	1,002	0.17%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Poison (Include Gas)	635	0.10%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Explosives	252	0.04%
Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	Total	605,159	100%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Handgun	183,188	51.57%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	69,353	19.52%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	34,725	9.78%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Other	17,587	4.95%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	None	13,074	3.68%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Rifle	9,476	2.67%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	7,426	2.09%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Unknown	5,582	1.57%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Other Firearm	5,578	1.57%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Shotgun	4,940	1.39%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Explosives	1,858	0.52%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	1,352	0.38%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Fire/Incendiary Device	409	0.12%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	374	0.11%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	220	0.06%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Poison (Include Gas)	75	0.02%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	24	0.01%
Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	Total	355,241	100%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	4,813	60.28%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	None	1,658	20.77%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Unknown	600	7.52%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Other	559	7.00%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	167	2.09%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	80	1.00%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	45	0.56%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Handgun	30	0.38%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	14	0.18%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	11	0.14%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Other Firearm	2	0.03%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Poison (Include Gas)	2	0.03%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	1	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Explosives	1	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Shotgun	1	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Sexual Assault With An Object	Total	7,984	100%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	41,014	52.17%
Sex Offenses - Rape	None	23,802	30.28%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Unknown	7,928	10.08%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Other	2,638	3.36%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Handgun	887	1.13%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	796	1.01%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	684	0.87%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	392	0.50%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	191	0.24%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	175	0.22%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Poison (Include Gas)	29	0.04%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Other Firearm	28	0.04%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Rifle	18	0.02%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	13	0.02%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Fire/Incendiary Device	9	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Shotgun	8	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Rape	Total	78,612	100%
Robbery	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	55,139	30.77%
Robbery	Handgun	47,636	26.58%
Robbery	None	23,733	13.24%
Robbery	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	15,231	8.50%
Robbery	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	14,983	8.36%
Robbery	Other	9,081	5.07%
Robbery	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	4,780	2.67%
Robbery	Unknown	4,563	2.55%
Robbery	Other Firearm	1,296	0.72%
Robbery	Rifle	1,251	0.70%
Robbery	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	801	0.45%
Robbery	Shotgun	363	0.20%
Robbery	Poison (Include Gas)	107	0.06%
Robbery	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	101	0.06%
Robbery	Explosives	57	0.03%
Robbery	Fire/Incendiary Device	42	0.02%
Robbery	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	42	0.02%
Robbery	Total	179,206	100%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	10,233	50.14%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	None	7,151	35.04%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Unknown	1,415	6.93%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Other	780	3.82%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Handgun	242	1.19%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	207	1.01%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	140	0.69%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	94	0.46%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	94	0.46%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	30	0.15%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Other Firearm	8	0.04%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	6	0.03%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Shotgun	5	0.02%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Rifle	3	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Poison (Include Gas)	2	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Sodomy	Total	20,410	100%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Handgun	5,808	39.08%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	4,624	31.11%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	1,306	8.79%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Unknown	607	4.08%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	575	3.87%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Rifle	370	2.49%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Other Firearm	367	2.47%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Other	264	1.78%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	245	1.65%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	201	1.35%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	199	1.34%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Shotgun	146	0.98%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	82	0.55%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Fire/Incendiary Device	51	0.34%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Poison (Include Gas)	16	0.11%
Murder/Nonnegligent Manslaughter	Total	14,861	100%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	21,314	47.69%
Kidnapping/Abduction	None	12,283	27.48%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Handgun	2,825	6.32%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	1,984	4.44%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Other	1,850	4.14%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Unknown	1,767	3.95%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	1,081	2.42%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	527	1.18%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	476	1.06%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	215	0.48%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Rifle	157	0.35%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Shotgun	77	0.17%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Other Firearm	77	0.17%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	40	0.09%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Fire/Incendiary Device	15	0.03%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Poison (Include Gas)	5	0.01%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Explosives	2	0.00%
Kidnapping/Abduction	Total	44,695	100%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	46,721	54.31%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	None	31,270	36.35%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Unknown	5,636	6.55%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Other	1,871	2.17%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	144	0.17%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Handgun	103	0.12%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	75	0.09%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	73	0.08%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	62	0.07%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	27	0.03%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	17	0.02%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Other Firearm	16	0.02%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Poison (Include Gas)	8	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Rifle	7	0.01%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Fire/Incendiary Device	2	0.00%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Explosives	1	0.00%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Shotgun	1	0.00%
Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	Total	86,034	100%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	None	1,149	55.00%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	400	19.15%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Unknown	315	15.08%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Other	138	6.61%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Handgun	34	1.63%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	16	0.77%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	15	0.72%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	8	0.38%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	7	0.34%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	4	0.19%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	2	0.10%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Poison (Include Gas)	1	0.05%
Human Trafficking - Commercial Sex Acts	Total	2,089	100%
Negligent Manslaughter	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	933	51.78%
Negligent Manslaughter	Other	235	13.04%
Negligent Manslaughter	Handgun	174	9.66%
Negligent Manslaughter	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	162	8.99%
Negligent Manslaughter	Unknown	81	4.50%
Negligent Manslaughter	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	77	4.27%
Negligent Manslaughter	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	55	3.05%
Negligent Manslaughter	Rifle	18	1.00%
Negligent Manslaughter	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	17	0.94%
Negligent Manslaughter	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	16	0.89%
Negligent Manslaughter	Fire/Incendiary Device	10	0.55%
Negligent Manslaughter	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	8	0.44%
Negligent Manslaughter	Other Firearm	6	0.33%
Negligent Manslaughter	Shotgun	6	0.33%
Negligent Manslaughter	Poison (Include Gas)	4	0.22%
Negligent Manslaughter	Total	1,802	100%
Extortion/Blackmail	None	21,675	80.18%
Extortion/Blackmail	Other	2,298	8.50%
Extortion/Blackmail	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	1,384	5.12%
Extortion/Blackmail	Unknown	1,343	4.97%
Extortion/Blackmail	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	122	0.45%
Extortion/Blackmail	Handgun	91	0.34%
Extortion/Blackmail	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	38	0.14%
Extortion/Blackmail	Rifle	32	0.12%
Extortion/Blackmail	Explosives	16	0.06%
Extortion/Blackmail	Other Firearm	16	0.06%
Extortion/Blackmail	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	9	0.03%
Extortion/Blackmail	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	4	0.01%
Extortion/Blackmail	Fire/Incendiary Device	2	0.01%
Extortion/Blackmail	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	2	0.01%
Extortion/Blackmail	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	1	0.00%
Extortion/Blackmail	Poison (Include Gas)	1	0.00%
Extortion/Blackmail	Total	27,034	100%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Handgun	410	61.10%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	167	24.89%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Rifle	38	5.66%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	27	4.02%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	8	1.19%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Other Firearm	6	0.89%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Shotgun	5	0.75%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Unknown	4	0.60%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	2	0.30%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	2	0.30%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	1	0.15%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Other	1	0.15%
Justifiable Homicide - Not A Crime	Total	671	100%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	None	242	48.89%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Personal Weapons (Hands, Feet, Teeth, Etc.)	100	20.20%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Unknown	82	16.57%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Other	34	6.87%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Handgun	12	2.42%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Firearm (Type Not Stated)	7	1.41%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Drugs/Narcotics/Sleeping Pills	5	1.01%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Lethal Cutting Instrument (Knife, Ice Pick, Screwdriver, Ax, Etc.)	5	1.01%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Other Firearm	2	0.40%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Poison (Include Gas)	2	0.40%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Motor Vehicle/Vessel	2	0.40%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Asphyxiation (By Drowning, Strangulation, Suffocation, Gas, Etc.)	1	0.20%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Blunt Object (E.g., Club/Blackjack/Brass Knuckles)	1	0.20%
Human Trafficking - Involuntary Servitude	Total	495	100%
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	Explosives	1	100.00%
Weapon Law Violations - Explosives	Total	1	100%

We can use this dataset to look at, for example, trends in the type of weapon used in murders and nonnegligent manslaughters over time, as seen in Figure ??. We can see that guns are the most common weapon are over 60% of murders in most years. Most of these guns are handguns, with about 35% of all murders using a handgun. Other weapons are far less common making up fewer than 20% of offenses most years. There are different agencies reporting each year so differents in trends may simply be due to different agencies in the data. For your own analysis you will need to be far more careful than the figure shown here.

Figure 13.4: The annual percent of murders and nonnegligent homicides, by offender weapon, 1991-2023.

13.6.1 Automatic weapons

When the weapon involved was a firearm there is a variable which indicates that the firearm was fully automatic. To be clear, this means that when you pull the trigger once the gun will fire multiple bullets. Semi-automatic firearms are not automatic firearms. Of course, saying a gun is fully automatic requires either the policing seizing the gun or the gun being fired (and for witnesses to accurately determine that it is fully automatic). Since many crimes are never solved (and even those that lead to an arrest may not lead to the gun being seized⁹³, this variable is likely imprecise. Still, Figure 13.5 shows the percent of firearms used in offenses in 2022 that are reported to be fully automatic. Even though there can be up to three weapons used in an offense, this figure only looks at the first weapon. The most common guns to be automatic are rifles and handguns, both with about 5% of all uses being of an automatic weapon. The remaining categories are all under 3% of uses.

Figure 13.5: The percent of firearms used that were fully automatic, for all offenses, 1991-2023.

13.7 Burglary info

For burglary offenses there are two variables that provide a little more information on the offense. The first variable is the number of “premises” that the burglar entered. This is only available when the location for the offense is either hotel/motel or a rental storage facility. So the “premise” can really be thought of as a room in the building, not that they break into multiple hotels. Figure 13.6 shows the breakdown in the number of premises entered during a burglary incident. The graph is capped at ten or more for simplicity but in the data itself the number can go higher. The vast majority of hotel/motel and storage facility burglaries only have one room entered, with 87% of these burglaries only being on a single room. This declines enormously to 5% burglarizing two rooms and then more than halves to 2% burglarizing three rooms. This trend continues as the number of rooms increase.

Figure 13.6: The distribution in the number of premises entered during burglaries, 2023. This information is only available for burglaries in a hotel/motel or rental storage facilities.

The second variable, and one where there is data from every burglary reported regardless of location, says whether the burglar entered the building forcibly or not. A burglary without force is one when the burglary only enters through unlocked doors or windows. The only means that if they entered through an unlocked door or window and then forced open another door or window, the entire burglary is classified as forcible entry. Forcible entry is any when the burglar has to access a locked door or window through any means of entering. This is very broad and includes actions ranging from breaking the window - which people generally think of when it comes to forcible entry - to less obvious uses of force like picking the lock or even using a passcard (e.g. a hotel room card) to unlock the door. The FBI also includes when a burglar enters a building legally and then stays past their allowed time such as walking into a store and hiding somewhere until past closing time.

Figure 13.7 shows the annual trend in the share of burglaries with or without force. Nearly all burglaries at the start of our data used force and has steadily declined until fewer than 60% of burglaries have force in 2022. However, this data is likely affected by differences in reporting by whether force was used. For example, consider two cases of burglary in which the victim does not notice any property stolen. If you come home and find your front door kicked in you’ll almost certainly call the police, regardless of if you find any property taken. But if you come home and the door is just unlocked, and do not notice anything stolen, then you may just chalk it up to forgetting to lock the door and never alert the police.

Figure 13.7: The annual percent of burglaries, by whether entry used force, 1991-2023.

13.8 Hate crime indicator (bias motivation)

For each offense, NIBRS indicates whether it had a bias motivation, which is NIBRS way of saying if it was a hate crime or not. Offenses are considered hate crimes when the police has some evidence that the offense was motivated - at least in part - against the victim. Since not all hate crimes have evidence of bias (e.g. a person targeted due to bias but without the offender providing evidence that it is a hate crime) many hate crimes will likely not be reported as such. The process for what the FBI classifies as a hate crime is the same in NIBRS as in the Hate Crime dataset discussed in detail in Chapter @ref(hate_crimes). For more information on how hate crimes are defined and important caveats with these data, please read that chapter.

Table 13.6 shows the percent of all offenses in 2022 that were classified with or without a bias motivation. Nearly all offenses - 99.9% - are without a bias motivation or with an unknown bias motivation meaning that they are not considered hate crimes.

Table 13.6: The number and percent of incidents that had a known bias motivation for all incidents reported in 2022.

Bias Motivation	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
No Bias Motivation	12,278,184	99.41%
Bias Motivation	73,366	0.59%
Total	12,351,550	100%

In Table 13.7 we can see the breakdown in the bias motivation of hate crimes, for all incidents where the crime is considered a hate crime. The most common bias motivation is anti-Black, which accounts for 31% of all hate crimes in the data. This is followed by anti-White at 10% and “anti-male homosexual (gay)” at almost 9% of crimes. The only other biases that make up more than 5% of hate crimes are anti-Jewish, anti-Hispanic, and “anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group).”⁹⁴

Some of these groups are also subsets of larger groups. For example, anti-Muslim, anti-Arab, and anti-Sikh (while Sikhs are not Muslim or Arabic, some Sikhs have been targeted by people who incorrectly believe that they are) are probably all the same bias motivation. Likewise, attacks on LGBT people are in multiple categories, which allows for a more detailed understanding of these hate crimes but requires aggregation to look at them as a group. While this aggregation is easy enough to do, accidentally missing any of the subcategories could vastly undercount offenses against the larger category.

Table 13.7: The bias motivation (i.e. if it was a hate crime and what type of hate crime) for all incidents reported in 2022 that were classified as hate crimes.

Bias Motivation	First Year	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	1992	63,648	86.75%
Anti-Black Or African American		2,522	3.44%
Anti-Jewish	1992	1,415	1.93%
Anti-Gay (Male)	1992	866	1.18%
Anti-White	1992	776	1.06%
Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	1992	740	1.01%
Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	1992	680	0.93%
Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	1993	361	0.49%
Anti-Asian	1992	319	0.43%
Anti-Transgender	2013	307	0.42%
Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	1994	199	0.27%
Anti-Multiple Races, Group	1993	186	0.25%
Anti-Sikh	2015	137	0.19%
Anti-Lesbian (Female)	1993	136	0.19%
Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	2013	126	0.17%
Anti-Arab	1993	122	0.17%
Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	1993	102	0.14%
Anti-Other Religion	1992	98	0.13%
Anti-Mental Disability	1998	94	0.13%
Anti-Physical Disability	1997	75	0.10%
Anti-Catholic	1993	66	0.09%
Anti-Other Christian	2015	63	0.09%
Anti-Female	2012	59	0.08%
Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	2015	44	0.06%
Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	1993	38	0.05%
Anti-Bisexual	1994	29	0.04%
Anti-Protestant	1993	25	0.03%
Anti-Male	2012	22	0.03%
Anti-Hindu	2015	21	0.03%
Anti-Buddhist	2016	20	0.03%
Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	2015	16	0.02%
Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	1993	16	0.02%
Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	2013	15	0.02%
Anti-Heterosexual	1993	12	0.02%
Anti-Jehovahs Witness	2016	11	0.01%
Total		73,366	100%

Even as the number of agencies reporting to NIBRS increased over time, the share of offenses that are considered hate crimes has remained fairly steady, as shown in Figure 13.8 with no year having more than 0.1% of offenses considered hate crimes.

Table 13.8: The number and percent of offenses by bias motivation, 2023.

	bias	Offense	# of Offenses	% of Offenses
…1	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	24	21.82%
…2	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	15	13.64%
…3	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	10	9.09%
…4	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	10	9.09%
…5	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	8	7.27%
…6	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	All Other	43	39.11%
…7	Anti-American Indian Or Alaskan Native	Total	110	100%
…8	Anti-Arab	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	51	38.35%
…9	Anti-Arab	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	36	27.07%
…10	Anti-Arab	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	23	17.29%
…11	Anti-Arab	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	15	11.28%
…12	Anti-Arab	Fraud Offenses - Identity Theft	2	1.50%
…13	Anti-Arab	All Other	6	4.5%
…14	Anti-Arab	Total	133	100%
…15	Anti-Asian	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	103	29.86%
…16	Anti-Asian	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	99	28.70%
…17	Anti-Asian	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	69	20.00%
…18	Anti-Asian	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	34	9.86%
…19	Anti-Asian	Robbery	11	3.19%
…20	Anti-Asian	All Other	29	8.41%
…21	Anti-Asian	Total	345	100%
…22	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	5	31.25%
…23	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	4	25.00%
…24	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	2	12.50%
…25	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	2	12.50%
…26	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1	6.25%
…27	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	All Other	2	12.5%
…28	Anti-Atheism/Agnosticism	Total	16	100%
…29	Anti-Bisexual	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	8	23.53%
…30	Anti-Bisexual	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	7	20.59%
…31	Anti-Bisexual	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	6	17.65%
…32	Anti-Bisexual	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	3	8.82%
…33	Anti-Bisexual	Extortion/Blackmail	3	8.82%
…34	Anti-Bisexual	All Other	7	20.58%
…35	Anti-Bisexual	Total	34	100%
…36	Anti-Black Or African American	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	937	34.45%
…37	Anti-Black Or African American	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	764	28.09%
…38	Anti-Black Or African American	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	576	21.18%
…39	Anti-Black Or African American	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	284	10.44%
…40	Anti-Black Or African American	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	27	0.99%
…41	Anti-Black Or African American	All Other	132	4.86%
…42	Anti-Black Or African American	Total	2,720	100%
…43	Anti-Buddhist	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	4	19.05%
…44	Anti-Buddhist	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	3	14.29%
…45	Anti-Buddhist	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3	14.29%
…46	Anti-Buddhist	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	1	4.76%
…47	Anti-Buddhist	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	1	4.76%
…48	Anti-Buddhist	All Other	9	42.84%
…49	Anti-Buddhist	Total	21	100%
…50	Anti-Catholic	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	54	71.05%
…51	Anti-Catholic	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	10	13.16%
…52	Anti-Catholic	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	4	5.26%
…53	Anti-Catholic	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	3	3.95%
…54	Anti-Catholic	Arson	2	2.63%
…55	Anti-Catholic	All Other	3	3.96%
…56	Anti-Catholic	Total	76	100%
1	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	9	56.25%
2	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	3	18.75%
3	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	3	18.75%
4	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	Arson	1	6.25%
NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
…62	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	All Other	NA	NA%
…63	Anti-Church of Jesus Christ (Mormon)	Total	16	100%
…64	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	11	18.97%
…65	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	6	10.34%
…66	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Shoplifting	6	10.34%
…67	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	5	8.62%
…68	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	4	6.90%
…69	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	All Other	26	44.83%
…70	Anti-Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Russian, Other)	Total	58	100%
…71	Anti-Female	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	17	25.00%
…72	Anti-Female	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	15	22.06%
…73	Anti-Female	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	8	11.76%
…74	Anti-Female	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	5	7.35%
…75	Anti-Female	Sex Offenses - Fondling (Indecent Liberties/Child Molest)	3	4.41%
…76	Anti-Female	All Other	20	29.4%
…77	Anti-Female	Total	68	100%
…78	Anti-Gay (Male)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	276	29.84%
…79	Anti-Gay (Male)	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	257	27.78%
…80	Anti-Gay (Male)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	151	16.32%
…81	Anti-Gay (Male)	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	129	13.95%
…82	Anti-Gay (Male)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	36	3.89%
…83	Anti-Gay (Male)	All Other	76	8.24%
…84	Anti-Gay (Male)	Total	925	100%
…85	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	28	20.29%
…86	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	25	18.12%
…87	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	14	10.14%
…88	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	13	9.42%
…89	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	13	9.42%
…90	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	All Other	45	32.57%
…91	Anti-Gender Non-Conforming	Total	138	100%
…92	Anti-Heterosexual	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	4	30.77%
…93	Anti-Heterosexual	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	2	15.38%
…94	Anti-Heterosexual	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	2	15.38%
…95	Anti-Heterosexual	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2	15.38%
…96	Anti-Heterosexual	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	1	7.69%
…97	Anti-Heterosexual	All Other	2	15.38%
…98	Anti-Heterosexual	Total	13	100%
…99	Anti-Hindu	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	6	27.27%
…100	Anti-Hindu	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	5	22.73%
…101	Anti-Hindu	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	5	22.73%
…102	Anti-Hindu	Motor Vehicle Theft	1	4.55%
…103	Anti-Hindu	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	1	4.55%
…104	Anti-Hindu	All Other	4	18.2%
…105	Anti-Hindu	Total	22	100%
…106	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	242	33.02%
…107	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	228	31.11%
…108	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	129	17.60%
…109	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	75	10.23%
…110	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Robbery	19	2.59%
…111	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	All Other	40	5.47%
…112	Anti-Hispanic Or Latino	Total	733	100%
…113	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	99	46.05%
…114	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	45	20.93%
…115	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	42	19.53%
…116	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	13	6.05%
…117	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3	1.40%
…118	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	All Other	13	6.07%
…119	Anti-Islamic (Muslim)	Total	215	100%
…120	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	4	28.57%
…121	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	1	7.14%
…122	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Arson	1	7.14%
…123	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Pornography/Obscene Material	1	7.14%
…124	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	1	7.14%
…125	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	All Other	6	42.84%
…126	Anti-Jehovahs Witness	Total	14	100%
…127	Anti-Jewish	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	784	52.34%
…128	Anti-Jewish	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	492	32.84%
…129	Anti-Jewish	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	71	4.74%
…130	Anti-Jewish	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	63	4.21%
…131	Anti-Jewish	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	33	2.20%
…132	Anti-Jewish	All Other	55	3.68%
…133	Anti-Jewish	Total	1,498	100%
…134	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	52	35.37%
…135	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	37	25.17%
…136	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	23	15.65%
…137	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	18	12.24%
…138	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	9	6.12%
…139	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	All Other	8	5.44%
…140	Anti-Lesbian (Female)	Total	147	100%
…141	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	277	33.58%
…142	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	169	20.48%
…143	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	150	18.18%
…144	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	124	15.03%
…145	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	50	6.06%
…146	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	All Other	55	6.65%
…147	Anti-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Or Transgender (Mixed Group)	Total	825	100%
…148	Anti-Male	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	6	23.08%
…149	Anti-Male	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	6	23.08%
…150	Anti-Male	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	4	15.38%
…151	Anti-Male	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	2	7.69%
…152	Anti-Male	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	1	3.85%
…153	Anti-Male	All Other	7	26.95%
…154	Anti-Male	Total	26	100%
…155	Anti-Mental Disability	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	30	27.78%
…156	Anti-Mental Disability	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	22	20.37%
…157	Anti-Mental Disability	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	17	15.74%
…158	Anti-Mental Disability	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	9	8.33%
…159	Anti-Mental Disability	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	8	7.41%
…160	Anti-Mental Disability	All Other	22	20.41%
…161	Anti-Mental Disability	Total	108	100%
…162	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	97	49.24%
…163	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	57	28.93%
…164	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	23	11.68%
…165	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	11	5.58%
…166	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	2	1.02%
…167	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	All Other	7	3.57%
…168	Anti-Multiple Races, Group	Total	197	100%
…169	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	18	40.91%
…170	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	7	15.91%
…171	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	7	15.91%
…172	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	3	6.82%
…173	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	2	4.55%
…174	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	All Other	7	15.9%
…175	Anti-Multiple Religions, Group	Total	44	100%
…176	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	5	31.25%
…177	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	4	25.00%
…178	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Weapon Law Violations - Weapon Law Violations	2	12.50%
…179	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	2	12.50%
…180	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Kidnapping/Abduction	1	6.25%
…181	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	All Other	2	12.5%
…182	Anti-Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander	Total	16	100%
…183	Anti-Other Christian	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	34	47.89%
…184	Anti-Other Christian	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	16	22.54%
…185	Anti-Other Christian	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	4	5.63%
…186	Anti-Other Christian	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	4	5.63%
…187	Anti-Other Christian	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	4	5.63%
…188	Anti-Other Christian	All Other	9	12.69%
…189	Anti-Other Christian	Total	71	100%
…190	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	112	29.55%
…191	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	100	26.39%
…192	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	84	22.16%
…193	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	32	8.44%
…194	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	15	3.96%
…195	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	All Other	36	9.46%
…196	Anti-Other Race, Ethnicity, Ancestry, Or National Origin	Total	379	100%
…197	Anti-Other Religion	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	52	49.06%
…198	Anti-Other Religion	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	23	21.70%
…199	Anti-Other Religion	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	9	8.49%
…200	Anti-Other Religion	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	5	4.72%
…201	Anti-Other Religion	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	4	3.77%
…202	Anti-Other Religion	All Other	13	12.26%
…203	Anti-Other Religion	Total	106	100%
…204	Anti-Physical Disability	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	27	32.53%
…205	Anti-Physical Disability	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	24	28.92%
…206	Anti-Physical Disability	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	9	10.84%
…207	Anti-Physical Disability	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	8	9.64%
…208	Anti-Physical Disability	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	4	4.82%
…209	Anti-Physical Disability	All Other	11	13.22%
…210	Anti-Physical Disability	Total	83	100%
…211	Anti-Protestant	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	8	26.67%
…212	Anti-Protestant	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	3	10.00%
…213	Anti-Protestant	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	3	10.00%
…214	Anti-Protestant	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	3	10.00%
…215	Anti-Protestant	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	3	10.00%
…216	Anti-Protestant	All Other	10	33.33%
…217	Anti-Protestant	Total	30	100%
…218	Anti-Sikh	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	27	17.42%
…219	Anti-Sikh	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	20	12.90%
…220	Anti-Sikh	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	17	10.97%
…221	Anti-Sikh	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	14	9.03%
…222	Anti-Sikh	Larceny/Theft Offenses - Theft From Motor Vehicle	13	8.39%
…223	Anti-Sikh	All Other	64	41.34%
…224	Anti-Sikh	Total	155	100%
…225	Anti-Transgender	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	112	34.67%
…226	Anti-Transgender	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	79	24.46%
…227	Anti-Transgender	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	41	12.69%
…228	Anti-Transgender	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	38	11.76%
…229	Anti-Transgender	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	14	4.33%
…230	Anti-Transgender	All Other	39	12.09%
…231	Anti-Transgender	Total	323	100%
…232	Anti-White	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	230	27.68%
…233	Anti-White	Assault Offenses - Intimidation	189	22.74%
…234	Anti-White	Assault Offenses - Aggravated Assault	94	11.31%
…235	Anti-White	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	90	10.83%
…236	Anti-White	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	49	5.90%
…237	Anti-White	All Other	179	21.52%
…238	Anti-White	Total	831	100%
…239	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Larceny/Theft Offenses - All Other Larceny	9,603	13.32%
…240	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Assault Offenses - Simple Assault	9,529	13.22%
…241	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of Property	9,499	13.17%
…242	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Drug/Narcotic Offenses - Drug/Narcotic Violations	5,418	7.51%
…243	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Burglary/Breaking And Entering	4,916	6.82%
…244	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	All Other	33,139	45.97%
…245	Unknown (Offenders Motivation Not Known)	Total	72,104	100%

Figure 13.8: The annual percent of offenses reported as having a bias motivation (i.e. hate crime), 1993-2023.

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91. Whether children viewing a crime, even a drug crime, would count as a crime against children would, of course, depend on your definition.↩︎

92. The Victim Segment does have data on victim injuries though it does not say which weapon caused the injuries↩︎

93. Though some guns are seized even without an arrest, such as if the gun is left at the crime scene↩︎

94. Looking at the raw percents is a rather naive measure as it assumes that all groups have equal risk of hate crimes. Certain groups, such as Jews and transgender people, make up a relatively small share of the percent of hate crimes but when considering their percent of the overall population (itself only a slightly better measure as even total population does not account for true opportunity to be victimized) are victimized at much higher rates than many other groups.↩︎